{
  "paper": "gadeke-2026-guilt-insula",
  "claims": 68,
  "panels": {
    "total": [
      "fig1",
      "fig2a",
      "fig2d",
      "fig2b",
      "fig2e",
      "fig2c",
      "fig2f",
      "fig3a",
      "fig3b",
      "fig3c",
      "fig3d",
      "fig3e",
      "fig3f",
      "fig3g",
      "fig3h",
      "fig3s1",
      "fig4a",
      "fig4b",
      "fig4c",
      "fig4d",
      "fig4e",
      "fig4f",
      "fig4g",
      "fig4h",
      "fig4i",
      "fig5",
      "fig5s1",
      "table1",
      "keyresource",
      "app1table1",
      "app1table2",
      "app1table3",
      "app1table4",
      "app1table5",
      "app1table6",
      "app1table7",
      "app1table8",
      "app1table9",
      "app1table10",
      "app1table11"
    ],
    "orphan": [
      "fig1",
      "fig3s1",
      "fig4i",
      "fig5s1",
      "keyresource",
      "app1table1",
      "app1table2",
      "app1table3",
      "app1table4",
      "app1table5",
      "app1table6",
      "app1table7",
      "app1table8",
      "app1table9",
      "app1table10",
      "app1table11"
    ],
    "figure_level": [],
    "phantom": [],
    "pct": 60.0
  },
  "statistics": {
    "total": 90,
    "orphan": [
      "p < 0.01",
      "p = 0.003",
      "p = 0.033",
      "p = 0.16",
      "p < 0.05",
      "F (1,38) = 69.9",
      "F (1,38) = 42.0",
      "F (1,41) = 57.9",
      "F (1,41) = 74.2",
      "F (1,3598) = 691.5",
      "F (1,2426) = 128.6",
      "F (1,2630) = 650.8",
      "F (1,1735) = 111.8",
      "Z  = 2.93",
      "Z  = 3.30",
      "Z  = 2.14",
      "Z  = 1.41",
      "Z  = 5.41",
      "Z  = 5.26",
      "Z  = 4.57",
      "Z  = 4.21",
      "Z  = 3.97",
      "Z  = 4.30",
      "BF 10  = 32",
      "BF 10  = 3.8",
      "BF 10  = 19",
      "BF 10  = 33.5",
      "p < 0.1",
      "R = 2"
    ],
    "pct": 67.8
  },
  "spans": {
    "segmented": 354,
    "obligations": 95,
    "textual": 259,
    "accounted": 70,
    "pct": 73.7,
    "orphans": [
      {
        "uid": "introduction-032",
        "section": "introduction",
        "text": "Participants or their partner then chose between risky and safe monetary options in three conditions ( Figure 1 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "fig1"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "introduction-038",
        "section": "introduction",
        "text": "Figure 1. Experimental design.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "fig1"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-068",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "The stability of these estimated parameters was verified using a parameter recovery procedure (see Methods and Figure 3\u2014figure supplement 1 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "fig3s1"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-075",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "Fitting several models revealed that lottery outcomes influenced happiness, and that the identity of the decision-maker played a role ( Appendix 1\u2014table 2 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table2"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-097",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "All coefficients and differences reported are significantly different from 0 (see Appendix 1\u2014table 4 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table4"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-100",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "All coefficients and differences reported are significantly different from 0 (see Appendix 1\u2014table 6 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table6"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-111",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "As all factors and interactions were significant (data not shown for sake of brevity), we applied the same models to each region separately ( Appendix 1\u2014table 4 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table4"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-114",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "As above, we tested these models both with and without the factor Run and associated interaction, and we report the best-fitting model (see Appendix 1\u2014table 5 and Appendix 1\u2014table 6 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table5",
          "app1table6"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-123",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "As in the analysis of responses to decisions above, all factors and interactions were significant (data not shown for sake of brevity), and we applied the same models to each region separately ( Appendix 1\u2014table 8 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table8"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-143",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "A smaller cluster in the left IFG showed the same effect but did not survive correction for multiple tests (p uncorrected = 0.001, T = 4.08, Z = 3.97, 38 voxels, peak at MNI [\u221238 \u20132 26]).",
        "stats": [
          "Z = 3.97"
        ],
        "panels": []
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-144",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "The second analysis revealed a smaller cluster in the left IFG that did not survive corrections for multiple tests, where connectivity with the left STS (the seed region) showed the opposite pattern: connectivity was highest when participants made Safe choices for themselves and Risky choices for both players (p uncorrected = 0.001, T = 4.44, Z = 4.30, 35 voxels, peak at MNI [\u201348 14 6]; Figure 5\u2014figure supplement 1 ).",
        "stats": [
          "Z = 4.30"
        ],
        "panels": [
          "fig5s1"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-147",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "Figure 5\u2014figure supplement 1. Functional connectivity with the left TD-model-defined superior temporal sulcus (STS; seed) during choices in Solo and Social conditions.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "fig5s1"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "results-148",
        "section": "results",
        "text": "Connectivity between the left STS (seed) and a cluster in the left inferior frontal gyrus that did not survive corrections for multiple tests, where connectivity with the left STS (the seed region) showed the opposite pattern: connectivity was highest when participants made Safe choices for themselves and Risky choices for both players (p uncorrected = 0.001, T = 4.44, Z = 4.30, 35 voxels, peak at MNI [\u201348 14 6]).",
        "stats": [
          "Z = 4.30"
        ],
        "panels": []
      },
      {
        "uid": "captions-001",
        "section": "captions",
        "text": "=== Figure 1 === Figure 1. Experimental design.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "fig1"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "captions-033",
        "section": "captions",
        "text": "All coefficients and differences reported are significantly different from 0 (see Appendix 1\u2014table 4 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table4"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "captions-036",
        "section": "captions",
        "text": "All coefficients and differences reported are significantly different from 0 (see Appendix 1\u2014table 6 ).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table6"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "captions-045",
        "section": "captions",
        "text": "In the righthand panel, dots are data of individual participants, the markers represent means, and error bars indicate 95 confidence intervals about the mean. === Figure 5s1 === Figure 5\u2014figure supplement 1. Functional connectivity with the left TD-model-defined superior temporal sulcus (STS; seed) during choices in Solo and Social conditions.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "fig5s1"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "captions-046",
        "section": "captions",
        "text": "Connectivity between the left STS (seed) and a cluster in the left inferior frontal gyrus that did not survive corrections for multiple tests, where connectivity with the left STS (the seed region) showed the opposite pattern: connectivity was highest when participants made Safe choices for themselves and Risky choices for both players (p uncorrected = 0.001, T = 4.44, Z = 4.30, 35 voxels, peak at MNI [\u201348 14 6]).",
        "stats": [
          "Z = 4.30"
        ],
        "panels": []
      },
      {
        "uid": "tables-002",
        "section": "tables",
        "text": "Model N param Mean R 2 Mean R 2 adj BIC AIC Study 1 Basic 3 0.328 0.305 \u20131000 \u20131399 Inequality 4 0.346 0.316 \u2013916 \u20131416 Guilt-envy 5 0.354 0.316 \u2013785 \u20131385 Responsibility 5 0.370 0.333 \u2013866 \u20131466 Responsibility Redux 4 0.361 0.331 \u2013999 \u20131499 Study 2 Basic 3 0.374 0.340 \u2013693 \u20131062 Inequality 4 0.394 0.350 \u2013620 \u20131080 Guilt-envy 5 0.405 0.350 \u2013491 \u20131043 Responsibility 5 0.433 0.380 \u2013616 \u20131168 Responsibility Redux 4 0.422 0.379 \u2013735 \u20131195 Key resources table Reagent type (species) or resource Designation Source or reference Identifiers Additional information Software, algorithm MATLAB https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html RRID: SCR_001622 Version R2016B and R2024A Software, algorithm Psychtoolbox http://psychtoolbox.org RRID: SCR_002881 Software, algorithm SPM http://psychtoolbox.org RRID: SCR_007037 SPM12 (7771) Software, algorithm R https://www.r-project.org RRID: SCR_001905 Version 4.2.1 Software, algorithm lme4 https://cran.r-project.org/package=lme4 RRID: SCR_015654 Software, algorithm JASP https://jasp-stats.org RRID: SCR_015823 Version 0.16.1 Software, algorithm Measures of Effect Size Toolbox for Matlab https://github.com/hhentschke/measures-of-effect-size-toolbox RRID: SCR_014703 Appendix 1\u2014table 1. Mixed-effects regressions on choices.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table1",
          "keyresource"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "tables-008",
        "section": "tables",
        "text": "T d Z MNI x y z Risky > safe VStriatum R 385 7.14 0.79 6.78 10 12 \u22124 VStriatum R - 5.28 - 5.12 14 22 4 VStriatum L 393 6.15 0.62 5.92 \u201310 8 \u22126 Social > solo Precuneus R 737 5.72 0.63 5.53 0 \u201362 38 Precuneus L - 5.17 - 5.02 \u201310 \u201356 34 Precuneus L - 4.91 - 4.79 \u22122 \u201354 34 Angular L (TPJ) 320 4.50 0.55 4.40 \u201334 \u201358 26 Temporal Sup L - 3.59 - 3.54 \u201352 \u201356 20 Medial PFC R 302 3.97 0.54 3.90 4 52 22 Medial PFC L - 3.97 - 3.90 \u22126 58 22 Medial PFC L - 3.63 - 3.57 \u22126 54 32 Appendix 1\u2014table 4. Linear mixed model regressions on BOLD response parameter estimates obtained during the decision phase \u2013 response during choice.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table4"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "tables-016",
        "section": "tables",
        "text": "VStria L MPFC Precun TPJ L (Intercept) 0.67*** \u20130.03 0.38*** 0.07 (0.11) (0.10) (0.11) (0.09) socialVsSolo \u20130.47*** \u20130.10*** 0.30*** 0.24*** (0.03) (0.01) (0.02) (0.03) run \u20130.03* - \u20130.24*** \u20130.14*** (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) socialVsSolo:run 0.18*** - \u20130.16*** \u20130.12*** (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) R 2 (ord) 0.085 0.075 0.068 0.091 R 2 (adj) 0.085 0.075 0.067 0.091 N 94,320 72,480 176,880 76,800 Appendix 1\u2014table 6. Linear mixed model regressions on BOLD response parameter estimates obtained during the decision phase \u2013 difference between Risky and Safe choices, Social vs. Partner.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table6"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "tables-019",
        "section": "tables",
        "text": "VStria L MPFC Precun TPJ L (Intercept) 0.61*** \u20130.03 0.38*** 0.07 (0.11) (0.10) (0.11) (0.09) socialVsPartner \u20130.07*** 0.23*** 0.39*** 0.07** (0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0.03) run - - \u20130.24*** \u20130.14*** (0.01) (0.01) socialVsPartner:run - - \u20130.20*** 0.01 (0.01) (0.02) R 2 (ord) 0.090 0.225 0.233 0.228 R 2 (adj) 0.090 0.225 0.233 0.228 N 94,320 72,480 176,880 76,800 Appendix 1\u2014table 7. Details of clusters with higher activation during risky vs. safe outcomes (second-level SPM model, with Cohen\u2019s d for each cluster).",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table7"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "tables-022",
        "section": "tables",
        "text": "T d Z x y z Insula R 1586 11.87 2.27 Inf 30 22 \u201310 - 10.51 - Inf 42 22 \u22128 - 7.11 - 6.99 50 22 6 Insula L 1164 11.8 1.98 Inf \u201330 20 \u201310 - 6.15 - 6.07 \u201350 16 8 Dorsomedial_PFC 2962 9.70 2.38 Inf 2 42 36 - 8.31 - Inf 2 20 60 - 7.99 - 7.81 4 40 20 Temp_Mid_R (STS) 80 6.06 1.14 5.98 48 \u201324 \u22128 - 4.93 - 4.89 50 \u201334 \u22122 VStria_L 30 5.73 1.23 5.66 \u201310 0 \u22126 VStria_R 40 5.68 1.18 5.62 8 4 2 Parietal_Inf_R 193 5.64 1.55 5.58 40 \u201348 46 - 5.12 - 5.07 36 \u201360 54 - 5.09 - 5.05 48 \u201336 48 DSL_PFC_R 56 5.51 1.38 5.46 42 38 24 Parietal_Inf_L 64 5.27 1.25 5.21 \u201346 \u201344 46 - 5.03 - 4.99 \u201338 \u201342 38 Appendix 1\u2014table 8. Linear mixed model regressions on BOLD response parameter estimates obtained during the outcome phase \u2013 Risky minus Safe outcomes.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table8"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "tables-031",
        "section": "tables",
        "text": "The results for the response to low lottery outcomes were: InsulaL InsulaR MidTempR (Intercept) 0.70*** 0.95*** 1.22*** (0.18) (0.18) (0.18) Social 0.41*** 0.18*** \u20130.12** (0.01) (0.01) (0.04) R 2 (ord) 0.150 0.148 0.231 R 2 (adj) 0.150 0.148 0.231 N 186,240 253,760 12,800 Appendix 1\u2014table 10. Linear mixed model regressions on BOLD response parameter estimates obtained during the outcome phase \u2013 difference LowOutcome \u2013 HighOutcome.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table10"
        ]
      },
      {
        "uid": "tables-032",
        "section": "tables",
        "text": "The results of the models fitted to the response difference (response to Low lottery outcomes minus response to High lottery outcomes ) were: InsulaL InsulaR MidTempR (Intercept) \u20130.30 \u20130.07 \u20130.48* (0.19) (0.16) (0.23) Social 0.44*** 0.19*** 0.67*** (0.02) (0.01) (0.04) R 2 (ord) 0.116 0.091 0.253 R 2 (adj) 0.116 0.091 0.253 N 186,240 253,760 12800 Appendix 1\u2014table 11. Participant\u2019s judgments of their partner.",
        "stats": [],
        "panels": [
          "app1table11"
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}