{ "type": "Document", "metadata": { "doi": "10.7554/eLife.107053", "title": "Feedback of peripheral saccade targets to early foveal cortex", "authors": [ "Lucca Kämmer", "Klemens Kroell", "Tomas Knapen", "Martin Rolfs", "Martin Hebart" ] }, "children": [ { "type": "ClaimGraph", "identifier": "kammer-2026-foveal-feedback-claims", "children": [ { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "cross-decoding-experimental-to-control", "role": "empirical", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Cross-decoding from experimental (feedback) to control (direct stimulation) condition yields 57.2% accuracy (t(27)=5.22, p<0.001), indicating that the representational format of foveal feedback is similar to that of direct foveal stimulation." } ], "epistemicStrength": "strong", "relations": [ { "xref": "prediction-cross-decoding-generalizes", "relationType": "claimrel:tests" }, { "xref": "hypothesis-shared-representational-format", "relationType": "cito:supports" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "b5f7aa26-4228-4741-8680-93ebd04474fa", "concepts": [ "cross-decoding", "representational format", "feedback", "direct stimulation", "MVPA" ], "displayClaim": "Classifiers trained on foveal feedback responses generalize to direct foveal stimulation, indicating that feedback uses a representational format shared with bottom-up sensory drive." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "decoding-shape-sensitive-not-semantic", "role": "synthesis", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Foveal V1 feedback contains low-to-mid-level visual information (shape-sensitive) but not higher-level semantic category information (animal vs instrument not decodable), indicating that feedback signals represent low-level feature properties of the saccade target." } ], "epistemicStrength": "moderate", "relations": [ { "xref": "v1-category-decoding-drops-in-feedback", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" }, { "xref": "lo-shows-reversed-specificity", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" }, { "xref": "v2-v3-generalize-shape-not-category", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" }, { "xref": "hypothesis-feedback-carries-shape-not-category", "relationType": "claimrel:interprets" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "5476d15d-5249-43b3-a1db-ec0fa4ede39b", "concepts": [ "shape decoding", "semantic category", "low-level features", "foveal V1", "feedback content" ], "displayClaim": "Foveal feedback carries low-to-mid-level shape information but not semantic category, identifying the feedback content as visual features of the saccade target rather than its identity.", "shortClaim": "Foveal feedback carries low-to-mid-level shape, not semantic category." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "fef-lo-nonsignificant-after-correction", "role": "control", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral occipital area (LO) show trends in the expected direction but do not survive Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons in the parametric modulation analysis (LO: t(27)=0.67, p=0.767; FEF: t(27)=2.07, p=0.072), making IPS the only ROI significantly associated with foveal decoding after correction." } ], "epistemicStrength": "moderate", "relations": [ { "xref": "FEF as candidate driver of foveal feedback", "relationType": "claimrel:rulesOut" }, { "xref": "LO as candidate driver of foveal feedback", "relationType": "claimrel:rulesOut" }, { "xref": "ips-candidate-driver-foveal-feedback", "relationType": "cito:supports" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "3190bd67-2477-4174-b65f-7e70b8128535", "concepts": [ "frontal eye fields", "FEF", "lateral occipital area", "parametric modulation", "multiple comparisons", "negative result" ], "displayClaim": "Neither FEF nor LO survives Bonferroni correction in the parametric modulation analysis, leaving IPS as the only ROI specifically coupled to foveal decoding rather than a global brain-state effect." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "foveal-feedback-below-direct-stimulation", "role": "empirical", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Foveal feedback decoding (57.43%) is significantly below direct foveal stimulation decoding (84.06%, t(27)=19.92, p<0.001), indicating that feedback information is weaker than direct sensory input in foveal V1." } ], "epistemicStrength": "strong", "metadata": { "uuid": "6271606c-1989-4bb6-a6da-a14145a46145", "concepts": [ "foveal feedback", "direct stimulation", "decoding accuracy comparison", "foveal V1" ], "displayClaim": "The feedback signal in foveal V1 is reliably weaker than the response to direct foveal stimulation, consistent with a low-bandwidth top-down channel rather than a fully reinstated sensory representation." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "foveal-v1-decodes-peripheral-saccade-target", "role": "empirical", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Saccade target identity (4 stimuli varying in shape and semantic category) can be decoded from foveal V1 BOLD signal above chance in the experimental condition where targets disappear before fixation: 57.43% accuracy (t(27)=8.81, p<0.001), significantly above 50% chance." } ], "epistemicStrength": "strong", "metadata": { "uuid": "a4af1338-dbef-4dad-ba5d-699735dc08df", "concepts": [ "foveal V1", "decoding accuracy", "saccade target", "peripheral target", "MVPA" ], "displayClaim": "Foveal V1 carries decodable information about peripheral saccade targets even when those targets are extinguished before the eye lands, demonstrating retinotopically anticipatory feedback into early visual cortex." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "hypothesis-feedback-carries-shape-not-category", "role": "hypothesis", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Foveal feedback to early visual cortex carries low-to-mid-level visual feature information (shape) rather than high-level semantic category information about the saccade target, reflecting the representational level appropriate to early visual cortex rather than to ventral object-selective cortex." } ], "panel": [ "hypothesis" ], "relations": [ { "xref": "prediction-v1-category-drops-shape-preserved", "relationType": "claimrel:entails" }, { "xref": "prediction-lo-inverse-pattern", "relationType": "claimrel:entails" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "4e5f6a7b-8c9d-4e01-9f02-5a6b7c8d9e0f", "concepts": [ "feedback content", "shape", "semantic category", "representational hierarchy", "foveal V1", "LO" ], "displayClaim": "Foveal feedback to early visual cortex carries shape information but not semantic category — the level of representation appropriate to V1, not LO.", "shortClaim": "Foveal feedback delivers shape information but not semantic category to early visual cortex." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "hypothesis-feedback-not-spillover", "role": "hypothesis", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Foveal V1 decoding of peripheral saccade targets reflects genuine top-down feedback from higher cortical areas, not passive spillover from large peripheral receptive fields whose tails extend into the foveal representation." } ], "panel": [ "hypothesis" ], "relations": [ { "xref": "prediction-u-shape-eccentricity", "relationType": "claimrel:entails" }, { "xref": "interprets-williams-2008-peripheral-spillover", "relationType": "claimrel:interprets" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "8a1c2d4e-9b3f-4a01-bc02-1d2e3f4a5b6c", "concepts": [ "foveal feedback", "peripheral spillover", "receptive fields", "early visual cortex", "hypothesis" ], "displayClaim": "The foveal V1 decoding signal reflects genuine top-down feedback rather than passive spillover from peripheral receptive fields.", "shortClaim": "The foveal V1 signal reflects genuine top-down feedback, not peripheral spillover." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "hypothesis-shared-representational-format", "role": "hypothesis", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Foveal feedback during saccade preparation uses a representational format shared with bottom-up sensory drive — that is, the population code carrying the predicted peripheral target in foveal V1 lies in the same representational space as the code evoked by direct foveal stimulation by the same image." } ], "panel": [ "hypothesis" ], "relations": [ { "xref": "prediction-cross-decoding-generalizes", "relationType": "claimrel:entails" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "6c3d4e5f-7a8b-4c01-9d02-3e4f5a6b7c8d", "concepts": [ "representational format", "feedback", "direct stimulation", "shared code", "foveal V1" ], "displayClaim": "Foveal feedback uses the same representational format as bottom-up sensory drive in foveal V1.", "shortClaim": "Foveal feedback uses the same representational format as bottom-up drive in V1." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "interprets-williams-2008-peripheral-spillover", "role": "literature-context", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "Williams et al. (2008, Nature Neuroscience) reported that foveal primary visual cortex carries information about stimuli presented at peripheral locations, a result they attributed to top-down feedback. Subsequent work in the foveal-feedback literature has raised the alternative that such foveal decoding can reflect passive spillover from large peripheral receptive fields whose tails extend into the foveal representation, especially in retinotopic areas where receptive-field size scales with eccentricity. The spillover alternative makes the empirical prediction that foveal decoding accuracy should vary monotonically with eccentricity rather than show a fovea-specific signature." } ], "epistemicStrength": "moderate", "metadata": { "uuid": "9713afa8-c74b-413e-916e-b8ff811ca2ea", "doi": "10.1038/nn.2218", "concepts": [ "foveal feedback", "peripheral spillover", "early visual cortex", "receptive field size", "V1 decoding" ], "displayClaim": "Williams et al. (2008) reported foveal V1 decoding of peripheral stimuli; a long-standing alternative is passive spillover from large peripheral receptive fields, predicting a monotonic rather than U-shaped eccentricity profile.", "shortClaim": "Foveal-feedback literature is contested by a peripheral-spillover alternative (Williams 2008)." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "ips-candidate-driver-foveal-feedback", "role": "synthesis", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "IPS activity is significantly more strongly associated with foveal decoding than with peripheral decoding in the experimental condition (t(27)=2.53, p=0.026, difference=4.22), making IPS a candidate mediator of foveal feedback during saccade preparation." } ], "epistemicStrength": "moderate", "relations": [ { "xref": "fef-lo-nonsignificant-after-correction", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" }, { "xref": "ips-foveal-effect-reverses-in-control", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" }, { "xref": "parametric-modulation-exploratory-not-preregistered", "relationType": "claimrel:requires" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "49adf84d-f957-4524-a9e4-0caf34bebe13", "concepts": [ "intraparietal sulcus", "IPS", "feedback driver", "parametric modulation", "saccade planning", "foveal decoding" ], "displayClaim": "Trial-by-trial intraparietal sulcus activity tracks foveal decoding strength more closely than peripheral decoding strength, nominating IPS as a candidate source of the saccade-locked feedback signal.", "shortClaim": "IPS activity tracks foveal decoding, nominating it as source of the feedback signal." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "ips-foveal-effect-reverses-in-control", "role": "control", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "In the control condition (direct foveal stimulation), IPS activation is significantly negatively associated with foveal decoding (t(27)=−3.61, p=0.004, difference=11.6), the opposite direction to the experimental condition, confirming that the IPS–foveal decoding relationship is specific to the feedback context." } ], "epistemicStrength": "strong", "relations": [ { "xref": "generic brain-state or arousal explanation of IPS-foveal-decoding coupling", "relationType": "claimrel:rulesOut" }, { "xref": "ips-candidate-driver-foveal-feedback", "relationType": "cito:confirms" }, { "xref": "ips-candidate-driver-foveal-feedback", "relationType": "cito:supports" }, { "xref": "fef-lo-nonsignificant-after-correction", "relationType": "cito:extends" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "3af0625b-efea-46a1-93d6-60b55f7506e9", "concepts": [ "IPS", "control condition", "parametric modulation", "specificity", "direct stimulation" ], "displayClaim": "Under direct foveal stimulation the IPS–foveal-decoding correlation reverses sign, confirming that the positive coupling seen during feedback is context-specific and not a generic effect of attention or arousal." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "lo-shows-reversed-specificity", "role": "empirical", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "In lateral occipital cortex (LO), the information-content pattern reverses relative to foveal V1: cross-shape decoding drops significantly (experimental: t(27)=3.41, p=0.002, difference=5.31%; control: t(27)=7.25, p<0.001, difference=6.7%) while cross-category decoding remains high, indicating that LO captures semantic category rather than low-level shape." } ], "epistemicStrength": "strong", "relations": [ { "xref": "v1-category-decoding-drops-in-feedback", "relationType": "cito:disagreesWith" }, { "xref": "prediction-lo-inverse-pattern", "relationType": "claimrel:tests" }, { "xref": "hypothesis-feedback-carries-shape-not-category", "relationType": "cito:supports" }, { "xref": "decoding-shape-sensitive-not-semantic", "relationType": "cito:supports" }, { "xref": "v1-category-decoding-drops-in-feedback", "relationType": "cito:extends" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "99ca4e8a-6fac-41f6-b901-5b63c1802a66", "concepts": [ "lateral occipital cortex", "LO", "semantic category", "shape decoding", "representational hierarchy" ], "displayClaim": "Lateral occipital cortex shows the inverse profile to foveal V1 — cross-shape decoding drops while cross-category decoding survives — yielding a double dissociation that rules out a generic sensitivity argument for the V1 result." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "parametric-modulation-exploratory-not-preregistered", "role": "scope", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "The parametric modulation analysis linking IPS, FEF, and LO activity to foveal decoding fluctuations (Figure 4) was explicitly conducted as an exploratory analysis and was not included in the preregistered analysis plan, reducing its confirmatory weight relative to the main MVPA decoding results." } ], "epistemicStrength": "strong", "relations": [ { "xref": "ips-candidate-driver-foveal-feedback", "relationType": "claimrel:scopes" }, { "xref": "fef-lo-nonsignificant-after-correction", "relationType": "claimrel:scopes" }, { "xref": "ips-foveal-effect-reverses-in-control", "relationType": "claimrel:scopes" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "59c5e057-e281-4d1f-9e14-c7e7557c453c", "concepts": [ "preregistration", "exploratory analysis", "parametric modulation", "analytic validity", "IPS" ], "displayClaim": "The parametric modulation analysis identifying IPS as a feedback driver was explicitly exploratory and outside the preregistered plan, so it carries the weight of a hypothesis-generating result rather than a confirmatory test." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "prediction-cross-decoding-generalizes", "role": "prediction", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "If foveal feedback shares a representational format with bottom-up sensory drive, a classifier trained on foveal V1 responses in the experimental (feedback) condition should generalize above chance to foveal V1 responses in the control (direct stimulation) condition for the same images." } ], "panel": [ "hypothesis" ], "relations": [ { "xref": "hypothesis-shared-representational-format", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "5d4e5f6a-7b8c-4d01-9e02-4f5a6b7c8d9e", "concepts": [ "cross-decoding", "representational format", "prediction", "feedback", "direct stimulation" ], "displayClaim": "The shared-format hypothesis predicts that classifiers trained on feedback responses should cross-decode to direct-stimulation responses." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "prediction-lo-inverse-pattern", "role": "prediction", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "If feedback content is selected by the representational level of the receiving cortex, then lateral occipital cortex (LO) — a high-level object-selective region — should show the inverse profile to foveal V1 under feedback: cross-shape decoding should drop while cross-category decoding should remain preserved." } ], "panel": [ "hypothesis" ], "relations": [ { "xref": "hypothesis-feedback-carries-shape-not-category", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "2a7b8c9d-0e1f-4a01-b002-7c8d9e0f1a2b", "concepts": [ "LO", "lateral occipital cortex", "shape decoding", "category decoding", "double dissociation", "prediction" ], "displayClaim": "The level-of-representation hypothesis predicts that LO will show the inverse profile to foveal V1 — cross-shape drops, cross-category preserved." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "prediction-u-shape-eccentricity", "role": "prediction", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "If foveal V1 decoding is genuine top-down feedback rather than passive spillover from large peripheral receptive fields, the eccentricity profile of decoding accuracy in early visual cortex should dip parafoveally and rise again at the fovea (a U-shaped curve), rather than decay monotonically from the peripheral target representation toward the fovea." } ], "panel": [ "hypothesis" ], "relations": [ { "xref": "hypothesis-feedback-not-spillover", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "7b2c3d4e-5f6a-4b01-9c02-2d3e4f5a6b7c", "concepts": [ "eccentricity", "U-shaped profile", "prediction", "peripheral spillover", "early visual cortex" ], "displayClaim": "The feedback hypothesis predicts a U-shaped eccentricity profile of decoding accuracy in early visual cortex (parafoveal dip, foveal rise), distinguishable from the monotonic decay predicted by spillover." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "prediction-v1-category-drops-shape-preserved", "role": "prediction", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "If foveal feedback carries shape but not semantic category information, then in foveal V1, cross-category decoding should drop significantly under feedback (relative to direct stimulation or to a within-category baseline), while cross-shape decoding should remain comparatively preserved." } ], "panel": [ "hypothesis" ], "relations": [ { "xref": "hypothesis-feedback-carries-shape-not-category", "relationType": "cito:citesAsSourceDocument" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "3f6a7b8c-9d0e-4f01-a002-6b7c8d9e0f1a", "concepts": [ "V1", "shape decoding", "category decoding", "prediction", "feedback content" ], "displayClaim": "The shape-not-category hypothesis predicts that V1 cross-category decoding should drop under feedback while cross-shape decoding should be preserved." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "preregistered-design-validates-mvpa", "role": "methodological", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "The preregistered analysis plan (osf.io/rxacd) specifies the MVPA decoding pipeline, ROI definitions, and statistical tests in advance, reducing the risk of analytic flexibility inflating the decoding accuracy results." } ], "epistemicStrength": "moderate", "relations": [ { "xref": "foveal-v1-decodes-peripheral-saccade-target", "relationType": "cito:usesMethodIn" }, { "xref": "foveal-feedback-below-direct-stimulation", "relationType": "cito:usesMethodIn" }, { "xref": 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early visual areas (V1: t(27)=3.98, p=0.008; V2: t(27)=3.03, p=0.02; V3: t(27)=2.776, p=0.025, one-sided quadratic curvature), ruling out peripheral spillover as an explanation for foveal decoding." } ], "epistemicStrength": "strong", "relations": [ { "xref": "prediction-u-shape-eccentricity", "relationType": "claimrel:tests" }, { "xref": "interprets-williams-2008-peripheral-spillover", "relationType": "claimrel:interprets" }, { "xref": "passive spillover from large peripheral receptive fields", "relationType": "claimrel:rulesOut" }, { "xref": "foveal-v1-decodes-peripheral-saccade-target", "relationType": "cito:supports" }, { "xref": "hypothesis-feedback-not-spillover", "relationType": "cito:supports" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "5e63c146-b0e8-457b-8fdc-5751afaefb2a", "concepts": [ "eccentricity", "peripheral spillover", "U-shaped profile", "early visual cortex", "foveal feedback" ], "displayClaim": "Decoding accuracy across V1, V2, and V3 dips at parafoveal eccentricities and rises again at the fovea, a U-shaped profile that is incompatible with passive spillover from large peripheral receptive fields." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "v1-category-decoding-drops-in-feedback", "role": "empirical", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "In foveal V1, decoding across semantic category drops significantly relative to baseline in the experimental condition (t(27)=2.25, p=0.033, difference=3.03%), while decoding across visual shape remains high, indicating that foveal feedback carries shape but not category information." } ], "epistemicStrength": "moderate", "relations": [ { "xref": "lo-shows-reversed-specificity", "relationType": "cito:disagreesWith" }, { "xref": "prediction-v1-category-drops-shape-preserved", "relationType": "claimrel:tests" }, { "xref": "hypothesis-feedback-carries-shape-not-category", "relationType": "cito:supports" }, { "xref": "decoding-shape-sensitive-not-semantic", "relationType": "cito:supports" } ], "metadata": { "uuid": "96991fa1-856f-4b2e-875d-715d254696d0", "concepts": [ "semantic category", "shape decoding", "foveal V1", "information content", "feedback specificity" ], "displayClaim": "Within foveal V1, cross-category decoding drops significantly under feedback while cross-shape decoding is preserved, marking shape as the feature dimension carried by the feedback signal." } }, { "type": "Claim", "identifier": "v2-v3-generalize-shape-not-category", "role": "empirical", "children": [ { "type": "Text", "value": "The shape-sensitive, category-insensitive pattern of foveal feedback decoding found in V1 generalizes to foveal regions of V2 and V3, as shown in supplementary figure analyses, suggesting that low-level feature specificity is a property of early visual cortex as a whole rather than V1 specifically." } ], "epistemicStrength": "moderate", "relations": [ { "xref": "prediction-v1-category-drops-shape-preserved", "relationType": "claimrel:tests" }, { "xref": 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